Fashion Waves in Information System Research Article

Style Waves in Information System Research - Article Example In any case, there are numerous that express that the data research did not depend on the freshest developments and thoughts as most anticipate. Rather, it is a design wave, or prevailing fashion, that keeps on rising in the public arena and among organizations. This depends on expecting to oversee and ceaselessly make new thoughts, data and segments without giving more current developments to the crowd. The assessment of data research hypotheses shows that style waves and prevailing fashions are more grounded components than the normal components of development. The test at that point gets dependent on scrutinizing the administration of data research just as the procedures which are utilized to make and change the accessible data research. This examination paper will look at the hypotheses dependent on style waves and data research. It will likewise look at a magazine which gives IS and decide whether there are style waves, explicitly in territories, for example, dynamic, end client registering, the executives of IS, development and usage. When taking a gander at these viewpoints, there means that design waves rise subject to the decade, enthusiasm for hypotheses and themes which make a reaction from culture, instead of giving new data and fragmented exploration that is required for a given time. Watchwords: data research, IS, the executives of data, research the board 1.0 Introduction ... This exploration paper will analyze whether there are design drifts just as what sway these have in rising data research. These will be encouraged with a comprehension of how this is affecting data research and what this implies regarding development and improvement for data administrations. From experimental proof and different speculations, it is discovered that style waves depend on social affiliations and patterns, rather than genuine advancement and exploration. Different zones of intrigue keep on rising while at the same time making interest not founded on the data research yet rather through patterns that are well known and of enthusiasm toward each time period. 2.0 Background The idea of design waves and crazes in data administrations is one which has been inspected and re-imagined by an assortment of scholars. This writing audit will take a gander at the definitions and assessment of style and trends just as how this is influenced by writing. This will be joined with a compr ehension of the various speculations which have developed this thought and how this identifies with the various ideas of data administrations. The foundation will take a gander at the hypotheses which keep on influencing style and the patterns which are a piece of the IS territories, explicitly with supports of this specific region of study just as how the diverse design inclines in IS keep on winning with the patterns that are proceeding to lead the data administrations zone. 2.1 Fashion in Research’s Definition The idea of data administrations and exploration is one which is customarily taken a gander at with circumstances, development and working into new belief systems

Understanding Change

Section ONE Understanding change Perspectives on change The morals of hierarchical change Planned change and its faultfinders Strategic change Building and creating upper hand 3 39 73 11 1 147 CHAPTER 1 Perspectives on change 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Perspectives on change 1. 2. 1 Modernity, progress, and change 1. 2. 2 Pathways to change 1. 3 Structural-utilitarian change: changing structures and capacities 1. 3. 1 An association is a perplexing entire 1. 3. 2 Structural hypothesis 1. Different voting demographics: change by exchange 1. 4. 1 Stakeholder intrigues 1. 5 Organizational Development: the humanistic way to deal with change 1. 5. 1 Intervention methodologies at the individual level 1. 5. 2 Intervention procedures at the gathering level 1. 5. 3 Intervention methodologies at the authoritative level 1. 6 Creativity and Volition: a Critical Theory of Change 1. 6. 1 Conflict, transition, and change 1. 6. 2 People are dynamic operators 1. 6. 3 The study of the observer perspective on information 1. Rundown Study addresses Exercises Further perusing References 4 6 7 8 13 16 18 20 22 24 25 28 29 30 33 35 36 4 UNDERSTANDING CHANGE 1. 1 Introduction This section lays the system for this book by contending that authoritative change is created inside models and structures that illuminate our comprehension regarding the subject. In this part we will discover that information and practice of authoritative change are impacted by suspicions got from the models or viewpoints we use.For model, in the event that we see change as an issue of foundational basic courses of action we can make in an association, at that point we can perceive how the similarity of life form or natural framework assists with educating our decisions. Since points of view offer methods of seeing, they will definitely sort out our observation in accordance with the predominant similarity utilized. In any case, analogies are just fractional information claims. Four viewpoints on change are refered to in this section: why four points of view in particular?The answer to that question is direct however you have to comprehend now that a point of view is an all-encompassing methodology that contains an assortment of hypotheses that have become related with it. You will perceive any reason why these are the prevailing points of view once you have perused the rest of this area. To begin with, the auxiliary practical point of view is the most established way to deal with hierarchical plan and consequently change. Like every point of view, it contains an assortment of speculations that endeavored to determine a portion of its challenges as it developed.These hypotheses incorporate the hard frameworks, frameworks elements, computer science, delicate frameworks, criticalsystems heuristics, and postmodern frameworks thinking (Jackson, 2003). The structuralfunctional point of view urges us to consider basic game plans and useful interrelationships inside associations. The improvement of t he opensystems model during the 1950s helped our seeing further by concentrating on how contributions to an association are changed into yields. This is helpful for contemplating how we may change errands and connections in a creation process.The estimation of the basic utilitarian point of view lies in its capacity to change the course of action of undertakings and methods according to the client or customer detail. The benefit of the point of view lies in its capacity to take a gander at an association as a control instrument: that is, to comprehend the significant basic segments and to verbalize the useful interrelationships between the parts. Definitely, basic overhaul will in this manner impact the capacities that each part delivers for the entirety. Be that as it may, the point of view has impediments also.Because it is a model for controlling tasks, it is in this way unthinking. It will in general overlook how inspirations, practices, mentalities, and qualities add to viable execution. The numerous electorates point of view rose up out of disappointment with the basic practical viewpoint. In spite of the fact that it was at first connected with crafted by Cyert and March (1963), it progressively came to embrace a scope of hypotheses related with the activity and thought processes of individual on-screen characters as opposed to with the activity of frameworks per se.The numerous voting demographics point of view alludes to the way that mind boggling associations need to arrange destinations with various gatherings of partners who have covering and frequently clashing necessities. At the point when we think about clinics, wellbeing PERSPECTIVES ON CHANGE trusts, postal administrations, open bodies, neighborhood government, and transnational organizations, at that point we come to perceive that the organization’s needs are inseparably connected to different partner gatherings. This influences how assets are overseen and disseminated, just as how ch ange may be encouraged to amplify proficiency and effectiveness.An examination of how numerous bodies electorate bring their own advantages and inspirations into the hierarchical field will assist us with providing an educated way to deal with overseeing change by perceiving the different asset needs of various gatherings. We can perceive the upside of this point of view in causing to notice the different partner needs yet we can likewise perceive that it is constrained to an incomplete examination. It is less worried about creating individuals. It additionally has a constrained perspective on power. Thusly this decreases hierarchical change to consensual arrangement between majorities of groups.Those scholastics and specialists that receive the Organizational Development point of view would impart a lot to the two past viewpoints since it grasps both a frameworks approach and an attention on partners and administration. Be that as it may, it is recognized by its technique of activi ty look into as much for what it's worth by its moral way to deal with creating associations through individuals. Just because we start to consider individuals to be assets to be grown as opposed to as basically costs on an accounting report. This point of view rose up out of the human relations approach, which concentrated on close to home and gathering development.However, in contrast to the two past viewpoints, it contends that most extreme proficiency and viability can't be accomplished by managing errands, strategies, and customers’ or clients’ needs without taking a gander at the nature of the executives, administration, correspondence, culture, inspiration, and qualities. Since the Organizational Development (OD) point of view on change rose out of human asset hypothesis, it turned into a blend of basic functionalism and social research. The two primary commitments of this methodology are the emphasis on social attributes and ts procedure committed to a humanist ic way to deal with change and improvement. OD is likewise connected with arranged change and the need to plainly analyze clients’ needs before making a mediation. These give significant points of interest in considering change however they are likewise halfway and constrained to conceptualizing change as an issue of accord, as does every viewpoint referenced up until now. The last perspectiveâ€Creativity and Volition: a Critical Theory of Change†mirrors the difficulties and suppositions of Critical Theory.It can't be viewed as a bound together point of view, as the others can, on the grounds that it doesn't try to offer answers for change issues. Be that as it may, it goes farther than any of different points of view in exhibiting that individuals, as opposed to frameworks, are the principle component of investigation in any change hypothesis. Every one of different viewpoints will in general reify human activity. On the other hand, this point of view tries to review the equalization by contending that individuals are dynamic operators of progress. It likewise brings another significant component under scrutiny.That is, every one of different points of view centers around discerning change. This has suggestions for structuring and arranging change as a straight succession of occasions. Nonetheless, if change programs overlook emanant forms that outcome more from strife, motion, and vulnerability than from accord and solidness, at that point intercession methodologies will have a restricted and regularly 5 6 UNDERSTANDING CHANGE unintended impact. Since this point of view is gotten from Critical Theory we ought not accept that it is resistant to analysis. The fundamental analysis is that it doesn't offer solutions.It doesn't give valuable intercession systems. It does, be that as it may, make us stop and think before we act. You should now be certain that every point of view contains a scope of speculations that share presumptions, techniques, a nd approaches. These can be expressed just as: 1. An attention on frameworks and structures (the basic utilitarian viewpoint). 2. An attention on administration (the various voting public viewpoint). 3. An attention on conduct improvement through close to home and Organizational Development (the OD point of view). 4.A spotlight on steady evaluate (Creativity and Volition: a Critical Theory of Change). A straightforward token of the center is: frameworks, administration, conduct, and evaluate. The contention all through the book is that to oversee transform you have to comprehend these intertwining discusses. In this section we will: †¢ Explain the advantages and constraints of progress contained inside the auxiliary useful point of view. †¢ Examine how a different electorates point of view gives contentions to including partners in complex change activities. Investigate the estimation of human asset and association advancement mediations just as their constraints in arrang ed change activities. †¢ Appreciate why authoritative change might be described better by struggle, transition, and vulnerability. †¢ Consider the wellspring of inventiveness. †¢ Appreciate the job of Critical Theory in understanding authoritative change. 1. 2 Perspectives on change 1. 2. 1 Modernity, progress, and change It is essential to contextualize the four viewpoints of this section by delineating that each rose up out of, or in response to, the procedure of modernism.The term ‘modernism’ was initially used to portray the new machine age of the mid twentieth century,

Human Resource Management

Human Resource Management 1. Presentation By definition â€Å"Human Resource Management (HRM) is the capacity inside an association that centers around enlistment of, the executives of, and giving guidance for the individuals who work in the organization† (Hofstede,G 1984) Human Resource Management (HRM) can likewise be performed by line supervisors. As increasingly more participation are getting worldwide in their activities individuals the board is getting progressively intricate and complex. In this report it is quickly talked about whether it is conceivable to oversee individuals from various nations with similar approaches and techniques over the landmasses for example regardless of whether it is feasible for a worldwide organization to have ethnocentric approach and still have worldwide nearness or should they receive progressively geocentric way to deal with prevail in outside business sectors. As indicated by Porter (1980, 1985)† HRM can support a firm get upper hand and there is an immediate connection between's key HRM and financial success† Since, the major (and creating) markets for cell phones and hardware are USA and European nations, to be nearer to these huge markets an assembling plant ought to be set up in both of the mainlands. It is significant for the company’s the executives to have away from of HRM practices of both the landmasses (social orders) before they put resources into new plant in both of the mainlands. It’s clear from the examinations in the past that for operational achievement in remote land it is significant for the administration to profoundly contemplate the nearby HRM rehearses. A couple of studies have researched the impacts of culture on utilization of HRM techniques (Gooderham et al., 1999; Tregaskis, 1997), finding that the HRM procedures utilized by organizations may mirror the social estimations of the administrators and workers ( Gooderham et al., 1999; Hofstede, 1991 refered to in Fields,D., Chan, A. , Akhtar, S. what's more, Blum, T.C. (2006 ). This report will filter N orth American just as European culture for human asset practices and contrast it and Asian HRM rehearses (where firm is presently based) , likewise it will illuminate social qualities, enlistment and preparing, installments and prizes, inspiration and work relations of North American (USA Canadian) and Europe Union organizations. 2. Culture: The most significant factor to search for while globalizing the activities The best and most far reaching meaning of culture so far has been given by anthropologist Kluckhohn in 1951, as per definition: Culture comprises in designed perspectives, feeling and responding, procured and transmitted for the most part by images, establishing the unmistakable accomplishments of human gatherings, remembering their encapsulations for antiquities; the fundamental center of culture comprises of conventional (for example generally determined and chose) thoughts and particularly their connected qualities. Culture includes a lot of comprehensions that are shared by all or numerous individuals from a social unit; these discernments are procured through social learning and socialization procedures, and they incorporate qualities, basic understandings, and examples of convictions and desires (Rousseau, 1990). As per Hofstede’s in his examinations in 1984 it was discovered that there are fundamental 5 measurements to culture which are Power Distance, Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity/Femininity. When managing individuals from differing foundation ranking directors assume the most significant job in molding social estimations of the association (Sharma,B. also, Chew,K.H 2005). Business rehearses assume a significant job in forming the authoritative culture and become the propelling element for representatives. To have fruitful usage of HRM arrangements and practices previously mentioned social measurements shouldn’t be disregarded by HR chief particularly while globalizing the activities. 2.1 High and Low setting Cultures High setting society alludes to a culture’s inclination to provide food towards in-gatherings, an in-bunch being a gathering that has comparative encounters and desires, from which deductions are drawn. In a high setting society, numerous things are left inferred, allowing the way of life to culture. High setting societies are collectivistic in nature. (Lobby, T.E 1976) Low Context culture has inclination to provide food towards in-gatherings. Low setting societies, for example, Germany or the United States make substantially less broad utilization of such comparable encounters and desires to impart. Substantially more is clarified through words or verbalization, rather than the specific situation. Low setting societies are generally individualistic. (Corridor, T.E 1976) So as to impart effectively chiefs need to think about the social contrasts and need to modify correspondence process as per individualistic or collectivistic societies. It is ideal to clarify theories contrasts regarding low-and high-setting correspondence. Setting has to do with the amount you need to know before you can impart viably. (Lobby, T.E 1976) 3. Sorts of Organization In 1991 kabanoff in his exploration built up a typology that portrays four worth profile types associations can fall into †â€Å"Elite†, â€Å"Meritocratic†, â€Å"Leadership† and â€Å"Collegial†. The worth profile of an association is controlled by two components †the level of uniformity versus imbalance in their structures and the level of value versus populism in their procedures. The Collegial profile depicts an association where attachment is the chief concern. Force, prizes and assets are equitably circulated; it depends upon a pledge to shared qualities and individual obligation regarding activities as the reason for task-accomplishment instead of upon progressively unmistakable prizes; the association practices generally little authority over people groups exercises (for example proficient organizations). (Kabanoff, 1991). The Meritocratic profile depicts an association whose individuals are exceptionally worried about both union and profitability. This sort shares a considerable lot of the combination situated characteristics of the collegial culture however with expanded accentuation on execution and remunerating individuals for execution (Kabanoff, 1991).An worldwide human asset chief should keep culture (of the nation where association is based) and kind of association he works for as a top priority while planning or framing the individuals the execut ives arrangements for the association to have victories. Hardly any associations cultivate â€Å"high execution work systems† otherwise called high responsibility or high inclusion practices or frameworks (Wood, 1999 refered to in Zacharatos, A., Hershcovis, M.S., Turner, N., Barling, J. 2007).This kind of associations treat its workers as resources, directors in these sorts of associations treat representatives with reasonableness and with deference all the more critically representatives in such associations become some portion of dynamic procedure. Such associations furnish workers with professional stability, chances to update their abilities or pay representatives relatively better wages. (Wood, S., Wall, T., 2002) As indicated by Wood, S. furthermore, Wall, T., (2002) all the association with â€Å"high execution work systems† have following qualities: a) Foster worker association in their work. b) Fosters worker association and responsibility towards hierarchical objective. c) Opposite to Taylorist model in which ‘control’ is supported, in â€Å"high execution work systems† rather individual and gathering self-rule is liked. So far in this report we have talked about culture and its effect on workplace additionally, for away from of the idea hierarchical sorts have been examined. Presently moving further this report will quickly talk about European and North-American work culture and contrast it and Asian acts of human asset the executives. This information will assist the board with understanding what changes should be made to current work rehearses so as to effectively oversee and persuade representatives in western nations. 4. Well known Models of HRM 4.1 The European model of HRM In his investigations of HRM-financial matters achievement condition Beyer (1991) has said â€Å"Human Resource Management is the main genuine significant determinant of success.† In the past a large portion of the creators of HRM contemplates have concentrated on US and Japanese models of HRM rehearses as US is viewed as the origination of the board studies and Japanese model of hierarchical structure( including human asset rehearses) have been fruitful before. Next to no has been composed or said about European model of HRM .There are clear nation contrasts which can be comprehended and clarified with regards to every national culture and its appearance ever, law, foundations and worker's guild and utilizing association structures; or as far as provincial bunches inside Europe (Filella, 1991 as refered to in Brewster, C; 1993). In the expressions of Thurley, K. what's more, Wirdenius, H. (1991) European Management is rising, and can't be said to exist with the exception of in restricted conditions; is extensively connected to the possibility of European mix, which is ceaselessly extending further into various nations (for example the 12); reflects key qualities, for example, pluralism, resilience, and so on., yet isn't intentionally evolved from these qualities; is related with a fair partner reasoning and the idea of Social Partners. 4.1.1 Importance of Trade Unions in Europe In European nations the nearness of associations are significant â€Å"the definition, which means and unwavering quality of associations fluctuates from nation to nation in European Union (Brewster, C.1993).† European nations are intensely unionized when contrasted with US. Nations like France, Germany for instance has enactment making compulsory for firms over certain size and representative solidarity to counsel worker's organizations in specific conditions. (Brewster, C.1993). Scarcely any academicians contends that workforce in Europe as a mainland is profoundly impacted by profession associations

Digestive System Main Issues - Free Essay Example

In the article the structure and function of the digestive system, the author provides a comprehensive analysis of how the process begins until the excretion of undigested food materials. To give the reader a good understanding, he starts by stating the main parts that make the digestive system which include the esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus (Hames Hopkin, 2009). Every part plays crucial parts which either facilitates passage, absorption of water, minerals or digested food materials. Some of the parts produce enzymes which help in the digestion process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The author starts by describing the process from the mouth. The digestion process begins in the mouth where food materials are broken down into small materials to facilitate easy passage in the esophagus. In the mouth, the food is also mixed with saliva which contains enzymes such as salivary amylase. Digestion of food materials such as starch starts in the mouth. The second stage of the digestion process happens in the stomach. At this point, the food is mixed with digestive enzymes such as the gastric juice. Further, in the stomach, the food is mixed with HCL which helps to kill organisms in the food.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The small intestine comprises of three main parts which include the ileum, duodenum, and the jejunum. The size of the small intestine is about 22 foot long which increases the surface area for the absorption process (Hames Hopkin, 2009). Further, the small intestine provides for the breakdown of food materials with the help of enzymes such as pancreatic enzyme and bile juice from the liver. The pancreas produces enzymes that help the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Further, the pancreas secretes insulin hormone which helps to regulate the sugar levels in the blood. Peristalsis takes place in this place as the food is mixed with the different enzymes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important part of the digestive system is the colon. The large intestine absorbs excess water from the undigested food materials for easy storage in the rectum (Hames Hopkin, 2009). The stool which is stored in the rectum comprises two major components; bacteria and food particles. The bacteria play essential roles in this point such as synthesizing vitamins and protecting the body from pathogens. Once the colon is full, it empties in the rectum when the process of excretion begins. Rectum connects large intestine and anus. The rectum receives the stool, notifies the brain through the CNS and holds until a person is ready to release the waste. The last part of the digestive system is the anus. List of terms Enzyme-   A substance used to quicken a chemical reaction HCL- Hydrochloric acid CNS- central nervous system Absorption- intake of digested food material in the blood stream Pathogens- disease causing organism Duodenum- first part of small intestine Digestion- breakdown of food materials Peristalsis- rhythmical contraction of muscles Hormone-a regulatory substance Salivary amylase- an enzyme Excretion- process of removal of waste materials Secretes- To produce Vitamin- an organic compound Ileum- third part of small intestine Jejunum- second part of small intestine. Reference Hames, C. A. C., Hopkin, S. P. (2009). The structure and function of the digestive system of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   terrestrial animals. Journal of Zoology, 217(4), 599-627.

S. Truett Cathy Character in Leadership - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2241 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Education Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Character Essay Leadership Essay Did you like this example? NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Learner: Jeffrey L Boyer THIS FORM MUST BE COMPLETELY FILLED IN Please Follow These Procedures: If requested by your mentor, use an assignment cover sheet as the first page of the word processor file. Use â€Å"headers† to indicate your course code, assignment number, and your name on each page of the assignment/homework including this assignment cover sheet. . Keep a Photocopy or Electronic Copy Of Your Assignments: You may need to re-submit assignments if your mentor has indicated that you may or must do so. Academic Integrity: All work submitted in each course must be the Learner’s own. This includes all assignments, exams, term papers, and other projects required by the faculty mentor. The knowing submission of another persons work represented as that of the Learner’s without properly citing the source of the work will be considered plagiarism and will result in an unsatisfactory grade for the work sub mitted or for the entire course, and may result in academic dismissal. OM5015 Dr. Jean Perlman Organizational Behavior Assignment 6 Faculty Use Only Character and Its Influence in Leadership Jeffrey L. Boyer Dr. Jean Perlman North Central University August 5, 2010 Abstract S. Truett Cathy (Truett Cathy) is the founder and CEO of Chick-fil-A, Inc. that currently operates as the second largest quick-serve chicken restaurant in the United States. The goal of this paper is to bring to light the influence, effectiveness and most importantly the character of one of the most endearing CEO’s in the United States. The paper provides a detailed overview of Mr. Cathy’s achievements in business, and provides a personal perspective from Mr. Cathy what he felt were the most important principles for developing a great business. A review of Truett Cathy’s character traits results in a discussion of some of the most important traits in correlation to his success such as, i ntegrity, selflessness, high moral character and others. An examination of charisma and character is also found in the paper with a comparison in leadership characteristics of Mr. Cathy to that of Jack Welsh, former CEO of General Electric. The paper concludes with a short summation of how Mr. Cathy’s leadership principles could influence one’s leadership decisions moving forward. S. Truett Cathy: An Introduction S. Truett Cathy (Truett Cathy) is founder and chairman of Chick-fil-A, Inc. Cathy started the business in 1946, when he and his brother, Ben, opened an Atlanta diner known as The Dwarf Grill (later renamed The Dwarf House). Through the years, the restaurant prospered and led Cathy to further the success of his business. In 1967, Cathy founded and opened the first Chick-fil-A restaurant in Atlanta, GA with the company growing to the second-largest quick-service chicken restaurant chain in the United States based on annual sales. â€Å"Cathy†. n. d. pa ra. 2) Truett Cathy is widely known as one of the most endearing and selfless entrepreneurs in business. Often described as the man who â€Å"invented the chicken sandwich†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mr. Cathy would more rather be known to the world for his satisfaction and sense of obligation to the community and its young people. (â€Å"Cathy† n. d. para. 4) Today Chick-fil-A is one of the most popular fast food restaurants, and the principles of the founder are not simply acknowledged, but rather it seams endeared by the employees and the patrons of the restaurant. Truett Cathy built his life and business based on hard work, humility and biblical principles. Based on these principles, all of Chick-fil-A’s restaurants operate with a ‘closed on Sunday’ policy, without exception (â€Å"Cathy. n. d. para. 8) Mr. Cathy adopted this principle at the risk of company profits, but Mr. Cathy wanted to set an example for his employees that family comes before profits. Interes tingly enough one of Mr. Cathy’s favorite quotes comes from the book of Proverbs, which says, â€Å"A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches, and loving favor rather than silver and gold†. Mr. Cathy’s passion for young people has translated significantly to corporate Chick-fil-A, which has now given more than $25 million in scholarships to its employees since 1973. Truett Cathy is one of the most decorated philanthropists in America today. S. Truett Cathy: Reasons for Admiration Growing up in central Pennsylvania in the 90’s did not provide a personal opportunity to see the impact of the Chick-fil-A franchise, but after moving to Lynchburg, VA it was quickly noticed that the food chain was uniquely different than its competitors in the burger industry, excluding the obvious product selection. When visiting a chick-fil-A it would be noticed that the workforce seems to have a joy about their work†¦ trained to use the phrase, â€Å"it ’s my pleasure to serve you† the employees not only make you feel welcome, but rather to make your dining experience a great time. Every Chick-fil-A restaurant personally visited has provided a wait staff in the dining area with a friendly smile asking if they may take your trash for you, or even refill the coffee you purchased while taking exact instructions to how you would like your drink prepared. Where did this come from? Is this just a clever ploy by management, or is the principle of being a servant to others being engrained into the culture of the restaurant by its founder? The answer lies in Truett Cathy’s Five-step recipe for success: 1. Climb with Care and Confidence 2. Create a â€Å"Loyalty Effect† 3. Never Lose a Customer 4. Put Principles and People ahead of Profits 5. Closed on Sunday (â€Å"Cathy†. n. d. Five-step Recipe. ) When visiting Truett Cathy’s personal website you will see the principles in life for which he guard s so dearly. As part of Mr. Cathy’s â€Å"Five-Step Recipe for Business† he is quoted as saying, â€Å"I have found that the most effective way of promoting my business didn’t cost me anything but a little kindness to my customers†. (S. Truett Cathy. n. d. ) As a visionary Mr. Cathy possesses all the traits of a great leader and entrepreneur, but the humanitarian side of this fine gentleman is stamped all over the business processes of his organization. Mr. Cathy’s personal sense of serving others alludes to what can be considered some of the most important character traits desired in leadership. One of the first traits noticed of Mr. Cathy is a compelling sense of modesty and humility. Reasons as to why modesty/humility are important in leadership is supported by Jim Collins (2001), author of the book â€Å"Good to Great†, who submits that many of the best CEO’s in American business operate their companies with an extraordinary sense of humility and modesty. Collins (2001) would argue that humility creates a sense of approachability for those who are following, and allows for open, creative discussion about business processes and ideas. Protecting the vision and name of Chick-fil-A is evident by Mr. Cathy’s business practices, writings and observable character. It is easily understood by corporate practices that Truett Cathy values high ethical and moral standards. The importance of these traits are important not only in creating a trust within a leadership team, but as a key determinant of protecting business interests against corruption and ultimate business failure. Maguad and Krone (2009) would concur with this belief when they wrote, â€Å"the moral leader is more than a person who is conditioned to follow rules or policies. Moral leadership is what one is, as opposed to what one does. ‘What one is’ flows directly from the values he or she possesses† (p. 09) Finally, of all the traits that Mr. Cathy possesses†¦ selflessness seems to be one of the most important to him. Recorded in Mr. Cathy’s five-step recipe for business success he writes, I’d like to be remembered as one who kept my priorities in the right order. We live in a changing world, but we need to be reminded that the important things have not changed. I have always encouraged my restaurant operators and team members to give back to the local community. We should be about more than just selling chicken; we should be a part of our customer’s lives and the communities in which we serve. Selflessness is one of the most endearing personality traits that one can have. It creates an endearment to the one who possesses it and manifests itself though generosity, the willingness to put others needs in front of your own along with the willingness and joy to serve others. It’s a personal belief that the greatest leaders are those who are willing to serve. In rela tion to selflessness, Charles Goodyear once wrote, Life should not be estimated exclusively by the standard of dollars and cents. I am not disposed to complain that I have planted and others have gathered the fruits. A man has cause for regret only when he sows and no one reaps. (n. d) Charisma vs. Character In preparing for this research paper, the initial leader of choice with regards to inspiration was to be Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric. Even as popular and admirable that Mr. Welch may be, there were many studies of his leadership traits which pointed out that his strengths in leadership were that of charisma and not those of character. Jack Welch took General Electric (GE) to profit heights it had not seen before, but his leadership many times took the approach that people were expendable much sooner than corporate profits. As a result Jack Welch was perceived by many to not care about what happened to individuals around him so as long as corporate goals were being met. In a study by Sankar (2003), which studied the difference between charisma and character, the author states that charisma, Focuses on personality attributes such as dynamism, style, image, inspiration, symbolic behaviors, impression management, emotional intelligence, extroverted style, self-confidence, etc†¦ but that charismatic leadership may occasionally be more personalized in nature where the leader is self-serving, self-aggrandizing, and exploitative of others. p. 46) Mr. Welch was certainly one of the greatest CEO’s in American history, but it could be debatable that his leadership skills were more of charisma than of character. This begs the question as to whether he should be admired as a great leader if business outcomes were more important that those who served at GE. Character, in contrast to charisma, is viewed by Sankar (2003) as a leader’s moral center which influences his/her vision, goals, self-concept, work ethic, attitude, etc. p. 48 ) Sankar (2003) spends a great deal of time in his research pointing out the significance of integrity with relation to those who have high character. (p. 48) Sankar (2003) defines integrity as a â€Å"state of soundness of and adherence to moral principle† (p. 48). Mr. Sankar (2003) when speaking to the importance of character and its role in business leadership states, The leader plays a critical role in the propagation of an ethical culture within his/her organization. In view of ethical-moral crisis in many occupations it can be deduced that this crisis is indicative of the absence of moral leadership in these organizations†¦ The leader’s character is a strategic source of power for infusing the culture of his/her organization with a code of ethics, moral vision, imagination, and courage. Leadership excellence cannot be evaluated without an assessment of the leader’s character. (Sankar, 2003, p. 55) With regards to Truett Cathy and his qualities as a leader, he can be admired for many leadership traits such as being confident, inspiring, a great motivator and recruiter†¦ however Mr. Cathy seems by all accounts to be a man of great integrity and character which can be argued to far outweigh all other personality traits. Truett Cathy understands the value of â€Å"worthy leadership† which is defined by Thompson, Grahek, Phillips and Fay (2008) as having, â€Å"the ability to guide, direct or influence people in a way that has great merit, character and value† (p. 366). In relation to personal leadership, a detailed study of the life of Mr. Cathy will inspire me to keep life and leadership in perspective. It will be a personal goal in all levels of leadership to truly put principles and people ahead of profits. Regardless of profits and performance, this will provide a sense of accomplishment at the end of life that will far outweigh short-term gains at the cost of others. Clark M, Payne R. Character-Based Determinants of Trust in Leaders. Risk Analysis: An International Journal [serial online]. October 2006;26(5):1161-1173. Available from: Business Source Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed August 3, 2010. References: Collins, J. C. (2001). Good to great: Why some companies make the leapand others dont. New York, NY: HarperBusiness. Kathy, S. Truett. (n. d. ). Retrieved from https://www. ruettcathy. com/default. asp Maguad, B. , Krone, R. (2009). Ethics and moral leadership: Quality linkages. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 20(2), 209-222. doi:10. 1080/14783360802623043. Maguad, B. , Krone, R. (2009). Ethics and moral leadership: Quality linkages. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 20(2), 209-222. doi:10. 1080/14783360802623043. Maxwell, John C. (2002). The 17 Essential Qualities of a Team Player. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Inc. Maxwell, John C. (2002). Leadership 101. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Inc. Robbins, S. P. , Judge, T. A. 2009)    Organizationa l behavior, Upper Saddle River, NJ:    Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780136007173 Robbins, S. P. , Judge, T. A. (2009)    Organizational behavior,    Upper Saddle River, NJ:    Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780136007173 Sankar, Y. (2003). Character not charisma is the critical measure of leadership excellence. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 9(4), 45-55. doi:10. 1177/107179190300900404. Thompson, A. , Grahek, M. , Phillips, R. , Fay, C. (2008). The search for worthy leadership. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 60(4), 366-382. doi:10. 1037/1065-9293. 60. 4. 366. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "S. Truett Cathy: Character in Leadership" essay for you Create order

Reflection On Classical Theory - 1963 Words

Classic Theories Reflection Shawn Strebel Northcentral University Assimilation, Accommodation, and Schemas Piaget’s theories about assimilation and accommodation said that assimilation is related to the existing structures in the mind and incorporates the abstract properties of our actions on different objects around us (Beilin, 1994). Whereas in accommodation the mind modifies existing structures to the varying properties of objects around us (Beilin, 1994). Now if we take a look at the stages that Virginia Satir gave to us we can see that Piaget’s theories of assimilation and accommodation are the same thing as Satir’s stage one and stage two. In stage one this is what would be assimilation but now is when†¦show more content†¦I was able to look at each of their theories from a different perspective and making each of their theories on developmental transitions seem more real and I could break each of them down easier to find exactly what stage the person could be in. Satir had a great way of explaining things that I understood right away so that it was not to over simplistic or over complicated. The way she explained the stages was perfect for anyone to understand. Epistemological Lens By understanding Bateson’s notion of an Epistemological lens it can make me a better therapist by making me learn and understand that each person that comes into my office is living in their own world with their own problems. Some problems will be similar to mine some will be far different from my problems and yet each of them is still in need of the same but yet unique help. As Bateson explained there are going to be two different types of problems, one is people trying to figure out what type of world they are living in, the second problem that we know the world we live in but we are trying to find the creatures that live in this world (Bateson, 1992). What this is telling me is that some people will be having a hard time figuring out what they are going to be doing in life, their direction, they feel lost. The second problem is, the people in their lives are leading them in the wrong direction, they are no longer there for them, the people in their live s have changed in a way that they noShow MoreRelatedClassical Managment1274 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the â€Å"classical approaches to management†. The second question will cover the challenges contemporary managers face in 2013 compared to managers in the era of the classical approaches and the third question will be around comparing and contrasting bureaucratic management to a style of management I have been faced with. This discussion will pay particular attention to Frederick Taylor’s scientific approach to management. 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Theories of Economics Explaining the Effects of Rising Unemployment The effects of rising unemployment in low income communities have been explained through various theories of economics. These theories have attempted to provide explanations on the causes, consequences and remedies to the unemployment issues affecting the low income communities in the U.S. These explanations have resulted in theoretical debate among various economists. Examples of economics theory include:Read MoreWeek 3, Learning Team - Aggregate Demand and Supply Models - Economic Critique1634 Words   |  7 Pagesdebate (Reflections on Fiscal Policy and Economic Strategy, 2010). The Keynesian perspective is often focused on immediate results in economic theories. Policies focus on the short-term needs and how economic policies can make instant correction to a nation’s economy. â€Å"Classical economics focuses on creating long-term solutions for economic problems. 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Australian Corporate Law

Question: You are required to write a research essay addressing all of following points: W ho are directors of company? W hat are their duties of directors under Australia Corporation Law? Give a short history of the evolution of directors duties and responsibilities. Please enumerate their duties and responsibilities today. Are their duties the same in proprietary companies and public companies? Explain the consequences should directors contravene the law and the remedies available. W hat do you see in the future direction of directors duties in Australia? Please cite relevant case law and the statutes in your answer and provideproper references. Answer: Introduction According to the Section 201B of the Australia Corporation Act, an individual may be appointed as a director if he/she has completed the age of 18 years and by the permission granted by ASIC under section 206F. The director is regarded as the back-bone of the company. It is the duty of the director to act for the welfare of the company with honesty, care, diligence, and goodwill. In this topic, we will discuss the duties and obligations of the director under the Corporation Act of Australia and the qualities in the directors to be perceived in future. Discussion Director of the company should complete 18 years of age. It is compulsory for the director to reside in Australia only if he/she is the only director of the company. It is not mandatory for all the directors to reside in Australia if one of them is already residing in the Continent(Purcell Loftus, 2007). To hold the position of the director, a written consent of the person who wants to be the director must be provided to the company which must be further notified to the ASIC for his/her appointment (Cole, 2012). In specific conditions, the duties and obligations of a director are imposed to a specific person by the Corporations Act. He/she is not the formal director of the company, but has all the rights to give instructions to the formally appointed directors. However, a person can also be prohibited by the court and ASIC from being a director or to be a member of the management of the company in specific cases, for example, if he or she is guilty of breaching the Corporation Act (Baxt, 2005). According to the Section 5 of the Australia Corporation Act 2001, the permission of court is essential for a person to hold the position of a director if he/she has been convicted for offences or is unable to pay their dues. According to the Section 9 and also under several other sections of the act, a director must inform the company regarding his/her resignation by a written notice or he/she may notify the resignation to the ASIC (Marshall Ramsay, 2012). If he/she fails, it is the duty of the company to notify ASIC about the resignation of the director. Section 5.3 of the act states the duties and liabilities of the directors. The director of a company is issued a wide range of duties under the Corporation Act. The most important duty of the director is to act in trust, loyalty and reliance. It is the duty of the director to work for the welfare of the company and to consider best for the company (Redmond, 2012). The director must implement concern and carefulness. It is the duty of the director to prevent the trade of the company when it is unable to pay its debt. The director has to report the liquidator about the affairs of the company in the cases when the company is wound up. For example, director may help the liquidator by providing him/her the records or the data when the company is wound up (Anderson, 2009). If the director is found guilty of contravening the act and fails to perform their duties, it will be considered as a criminal offence and he/she will be liable with a penalty of $200,000 or the imprisonment of upto 5 years or both. He/she may also be in breach of civil penalty provision and may be ordered by the court to pay upto $200,000 to the Commonwealth. He/she might be held personally liable to compensate the company or the others also for the damage or loss to the company. He/she may also be prohibited by the law from managing the company(Deloitte, 2013). Section 180 and several other sections of the act states that the duties and obligations of the director continue to exist even after the failure of the registration of the company. The general duties of the directors are kept under Section 180 to Section 187 of the Corporation Act. Section 180(1) refers to the care and diligence by the director which comes under civil obligation (Langford et al., 2015). It is expected from the director of a corporation to exercise their powers and discharge their duties with lot of care and attentiveness which is expected from a reasonable person if they were in the similar conditions and had occupied the similar position (Lowry, 2009). Section 180(2) states that a director must fulfill the requirements of subsection (1) as well as their duties in accordance to the common law and in equity, in respect of the business judgment if they make the decisions in good faith and purpose. The director must not fulfill personal interest while taking decisions for the company and should act in the favor of the company. Section 180(3) describes the business judgment as the decision to take action or not in the matters related to the business operations of the company. Section 181 states 'act in good faith' as the civil obligation of the directors. Subsection (1) binds the directors to act in good faith and for a proper reason while exercising their powers and discharging their duties and he/she should work for the welfare and best interest of the company. Section 181(2) states that a director who contravenes the clauses of the subsection (1) will be in breach of this subsection also. Section 182 of the Corporation act states that a director must not make improper use of his position for unfair purposes. Subsection (1) mandates the directors not to take benefit of their position to gain some advantages for them or for others. They are prohibited to use their position to cause disadvantage to the corporation. Section 183 prohibits the directors for improper use of the information. Subsection (1) specifies that the information obtained by the directors should not be used to solve illegitimate purposes of themselves or for others and must not cause harm to the company itself(Corporate Law Economic Reform Program, 1997). Section 184 of the act holds the director liable, if he/she contravenes the clauses of good faith, use of position, and the use of information, of criminal offences. Subsection (1) holds the directors liable of criminal offence if they are irresponsible, purposely corrupt, and fail to discharge their duties in good faith and purpose for the welfare of the company. Subsection (2) states that the directors are held liable of criminal offence, if they use their position for the improper purposes and act dishonestly with the intention to gain direct or indirect profit for themselves or for others. The directors are contravening the law if they are irresponsible towards their position to gain direct or indirect advantage for themselves or others. Subsection(3) states that director will be held liable under criminal offence if he/she misuses the information kept with him/her for the benefit of himself/herself or others either intentionally or carelessly. Section 185 of the act subscribes the interaction of the clauses of sections 180 to 184 with other laws. Paragraph (a) explains that all the duties and liabilities mentioned in the sections 180 to 184 will be in effect for the persons as their office or employment is related to the corporation act. It does not prevent the initiation of the civil proceedings in case of breach of a duty or a liability referred to in the paragraph (a). The duties of the directors are same whether in subsidiary company or public company. These are the general guidelines to be followed by the directors, officers, and the employees as well. Although section 187 of the Australia Corporation Act permits the director to act in good faith and for the good will of the subsidiary as well. A director of a corporation is supposed to be a wholly-owned subsidiary of a body corporate. It is expected from him to work honestly and for the welfare of the subsidiary if the constitution of the subsidiary provides the authority to the director to take actions in good faith and for the best interest of the holding company. The director must act in good faith and for the interest of the subsidiary, if the subsidiary is not bankrupt during the director's tenure and prevented from being bankrupt due to the director's act. In Australia, we should reorganize some of the checks and balances provided by our law to sustain honesty, skill, care, and diligence on the part of the directors who govern the companies for the welfare of the share holders, employees as well as for the society(Kirby, 1998). In future, it will be essential for the directors to be informed about the technological trends and global changes(Horrigan, 2012). In this way, the director of the corporation will be able to keep pace with the challenges occurring to the corporation. Conclusion The Corporation Act of Australia provides sufficient duties and obligations to the directors of the Corporation. Hence, these are the mandatory obligations of the directors. But for the progress and improvement in their capabilities in future, the directors must be aware about the global .technologies and trends prevailing in the society. References Anderson, H., 2009. Piercing the veil on corporate groups in Australia: the case for reform. Melbourne University Law Review, 33, pp.333-67. Baxt, P.R., 2005. Duties and Responsibilities of Directors and Officers. 18th ed. Australian Institute of Company Directors. Cole, S., 2012. Mind the Expectation Gap the role of a company director. Sydney: Australian Institute of Company Directors. Corporate Law Economic Reform Program, 1997. Directors Duties and Corporate Governance. Australian Government Publishing Service. Deloitte, 2013. Duties of Directors. [Online] Deloitte Touche Horrigan, P.B., 2012. Directors Duties and Liabilities Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going in the UK, Broader Commonwealth, and Internationally? International Journal of Business and Social Science, III(2), pp.21-45. Kirby, M., 1998. The Company Director: Past, Present and Future. Marshall, S.D. Ramsay, I., 2012. Stakeholders and directors' duties: Law, theory and evidence. UNSW Law Journal, 35(1), pp.291-316. Purcell, J.A. Loftus, J.A., 2007. Regulatory Developments in Corporate Social Responsibility: Directors and Officers Duties. Corporate Law Teachers Association. Redmond, P., 2012. Directors' duties and corporate social responsiveness. UNSW Law Journal, 31(1), pp.317-40.

William Blake’s Hidden Talents free essay sample

William Blake’s hidden talents In William Blake’s â€Å"A Poison Tree†, he takes on a simple approach at describing the different aspects and consequences of anger. The poem starts off by saying, â€Å"I was angry with my friend; I told my wrath, my wrath did end† (Blake 1,2). Which is a very simple poetic way of saying he was angry, but he felt better after confessing his true feelings. When Blake continues, he explains how he cannot confess his anger to a foe, and goes on by creating images and speaking about the consequences. The obvious moral of this poem is that anger becomes dangerous when hidden from a friend and more importantly, a foe. Interestingly, the metaphorical language of William Blake adds a deeper meaning to the anger within the poem, and takes away the simplicity that the poem has at first glance. E. D. Hirsch points out in his book, the contrast between the simplicity of the language and the complexity of the ideas that it expresses and implies. We will write a custom essay sample on William Blake’s Hidden Talents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such techniques are exactly what makes, â€Å"A Poison Tree† a seemingly simple, but very deep poem. The simplicity of the first stanza can be easily compared to the simplicity of confessing feelings to a friend. It consists of a simple â€Å"A-B, A-B† rhyme scheme, with each A containing seven syllables, and each B having eight. Although this sounds simple enough, the following eleven lines surprisingly contain seven syllables each. This is because although the written words are saying danger and madness, â€Å"It grew both day and night† (Blake 9), the speaker actually feels sly. The words are organized, much like his plan to put an end to his anger. The story behind, â€Å"A Poison Tree† can be compared to the religious tale of Adam and Eve. When God directed Eve not to the eat fruit from his garden, the serpent lead her into temptation and she ate an apple. Although in that story, God had consequences for Adam and Eve. The speaker in, â€Å"A Poison Tree† only has consequences for not confessing his feelings to his foe in the first place, â€Å"My wrath did grow. And I watered it in fears† (Blake 4-5). Much like Eve, the speaker was tempted. Not tempted to eat the apple, but he was tempted to poison it. In the end, the speaker turned out to be the serpent, an enemy, who is God’s foe: The Devil. The speaker sinned: he killed. A premeditated murder is where the complexity and irony of the poem come into play. The speaker begins as the offended victim, and ends the poem as a sinning foe. Although at first confessing to a friend ends his wrath, the only way to end the growing anger towards an enemy is murder. â€Å"In the morning glad I see; My foe outstretched beneath the tree† (Blake 15-16). That is where the continuous organization and perfectly numbered syllables come to an end. The anger is no longer growing and the speaker is happy. Irony is only one interesting aspect of â€Å"A Poison Tree†. Blake uses metaphors to paint an image of hatred and anger. An apple is a symbol of beauty, but most importantly: temptation. The apple represents the anger that is bottled up inside the speaker. The anger grew and built itself up to be the apple: something appearing to be beautiful, but holds danger within. Using metaphors and irony, William Blake has successfully written a very complex poem. Raina Lorring explains in her analysis, that â€Å"A Poison Tree† is Blake’s warning to the reader about what unchecked anger can do. Such an emotion can become poison to peoples minds if allowed to grow. Communication and releasing such emotions before they fester is the safest path to resolve conflict. Although that is the simple message of the poem, there is so much more meaning between the lines, that can be discovered when looking deeper into Christianity, and discovering the irony, for example.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Over the centuries, various would-be conquerors have thrown their armies against the sere mountains and valleys of Afghanistan. In just the past two centuries, great powers have invaded Afghanistan at least four times. It has not turned out well for the invaders. As former US National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski put it, They (the Afghanis) have a curious complex: they dont like foreigners with guns in their country. In 1979, the Soviet Union decided to try its luck in Afghanistan, long a target of Russian foreign policy. Many historians believe that in the end, the Soviet War in Afghanistan was key in destroying one of the Cold War worlds two superpowers. Background to the Invasion On April 27, 1978, Soviet-advised members of the Afghan Army overthrew and executed President Mohammed Daoud Khan. Daoud was a leftist progressive, but not a communist, and he resisted Soviet attempts to direct his foreign policy as interference in Afghanistans affairs. Daoud moved Afghanistan toward the non-allied bloc, which included India, Egypt, and Yugoslavia. Although the Soviets did not order his ouster, they quickly recognized the new communist Peoples Democratic Party government that formed on April 28, 1978. Nur Muhammad Taraki became Chairman of the newly-formed Afghan Revolutionary Council. However, infighting with other communist factions and cycles of purging plagued Tarakis government from the start. In addition, the new communist regime targeted Islamic mullahs and wealthy landowners in the Afghan countryside, alienating all of the traditional local leaders. Soon, anti-government insurgencies broke out across northern and eastern Afghanistan, aided by Pashtun guerrillas from Pakistan. Over the course of 1979, the Soviets watched carefully as their client government in Kabul lost control of more and more of Afghanistan. In March, the Afghan Army battalion in Herat defected to the insurgents, and killed 20 Soviet advisers in the city; there would be four more major military uprisings against the government by the end of the year. By August, the government in Kabul had lost control of 75% of Afghanistan - it held the large cities, more or less, but the insurgents controlled the countryside. Leonid Brezhnev and the Soviet government wanted to protect their puppet in Kabul but hesitated (reasonably enough) to commit ground troops to the deteriorating situation in Afghanistan. The Soviets were concerned about the Islamist insurgents taking power since many of the USSRs Muslim Central Asian republics bordered on Afghanistan. In addition, the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran seemed to shift the balance of power in the region toward Muslim theocracy. As the Afghan governments situation deteriorated, the Soviets sent in military aid - tanks, artillery, small arms, fighter jets, and helicopter gunships - as well as ever-greater numbers of military and civilian advisers. By June of 1979, there were approximately 2,500 Soviet military advisers and 2,000 civilians in Afghanistan, and some of the military advisers actively drove tanks and flew helicopters in raids on the insurgents. Moscow Secretly Sent in Units of the Spetznaz or Special Forces On September 14, 1979, Chairman Taraki invited his chief rival in the Peoples Democratic Party, Minister of National Defense Hafizullah Amin, to a meeting at the presidential palace. It was supposed to be an ambush on Amin, orchestrated by Tarakis Soviet advisers, but the chief of palace guards tipped off Amin as he arrived, so the Defense Minister escaped. Amin returned later that day with an Army contingent and placed Taraki under house arrest, to the dismay of the Soviet leadership. Taraki died within a month, smothered with a pillow on Amins orders. Another major military uprising in October convinced the Soviet leaders that Afghanistan had spun out of their control, politically and militarily. Motorized and airborne infantry divisions numbering 30,000 troops began preparing to deploy from the neighboring Turkestan Military District (now in Turkmenistan) and the Fergana Military District (now in Uzbekistan). Between December 24 and 26, 1979, American observers noted that the Soviets were running hundreds of airlift flights into Kabul, but they were unsure whether it was a major invasion or simply supplies intended to help prop up the tottering Amin regime. Amin was, after all, a member of Afghanistans communist party. All doubt vanished over the next two days, however. On December 27, Soviet Spetznaz troops attacked Amins home and killed him, installing Babrak Kamal as the new puppet-leader of Afghanistan. The following day, the Soviet motorized divisions from Turkestan and the Fergana Valley rolled into Afghanistan, launching the invasion. Early Months of the Soviet Invasion The Islamic insurgents of Afghanistan, called the mujahideen, declared a jihad against the Soviet invaders. Although the Soviets had vastly superior weaponry, the mujahideen knew the rough terrain and were fighting for their homes and their faith. By February of 1980, the Soviets had control of all of the major cities in Afghanistan and were successful in quashing Afghan Army revolts when army units marched out information to fight the Soviet troops. However, mujahideen guerrillas held 80% of the country. Try and Try Again - Soviet Efforts to 1985 In the first five years, the Soviets held the strategic route between Kabul and Termez and patrolled the border with Iran, to prevent Iranian aid from reaching the mujahideen. Mountainous regions of Afghanistan such as Hazarajat and Nuristan, however, were completely free of Soviet influence. The mujahideen also held Herat and Kandahar much of the time. The Soviet Army launched a total of nine offensives against one key, guerrilla-held pass called the Panjshir Valley in the first five years of the war alone. Despite the heavy use of tanks, bombers, and helicopter gunships, they were unable to take the Valley. The mujahideens amazing success in the face of one of the worlds two superpowers attracted support from a number of outside powers seeking either to support Islam or weaken the USSR: Pakistan, the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. Withdrawal From the Quagmire - 1985 to 1989 As the war in Afghanistan dragged on, the Soviets faced a harsh reality. Afghan Army desertions were epidemic, so the Soviets had to do much of the fighting. Many Soviet recruits were Central Asians, some from the same Tajik and Uzbek ethnic groups as many of the mujihadeen, so they often refused to carry out attacks ordered by their Russian commanders. Despite official press censorship, people in the Soviet Union began to hear that the war was not going well and to notice a large number of funerals for Soviet soldiers. Before the end, some media outlets even dared to publish commentary on the Soviets Vietnam War, pushing the boundaries of Mikhail Gorbachevs policy of glasnost or openness. Conditions were terrible for many ordinary Afghans, but they held out against the invaders. By 1989, the mujahideen had organized some 4,000 strike bases across the country, each manned by at least 300 guerrillas. One famous mujahideen commander in the Panjshir Valley, Ahmad Shah Massoud, commanded 10,000 well-trained troops. By 1985, Moscow was actively seeking an exit strategy. They sought to intensify recruitment and training for the Afghan armed forces, in order to transition responsibility to local troops. The ineffectual president, Babrak Karmal, lost Soviet support, and in November of 1986, a new president named Mohammad Najibullah was elected. He proved less than popular with the Afghan people, however, in part because he was the former chief of the widely-feared secret police, the KHAD. From May 15 to August 16, 1988, the Soviets completed phase one of their withdrawal. The retreat was generally peaceful since the Soviets first negotiated cease-fires with mujahideen commanders along the withdrawal routes. Remaining Soviet troops withdrew between November 15, 1988, and February 15, 1989. A total of just over 600,000 Soviets served in the Afghan War, and about 14,500 were killed. Another 54,000 were wounded, and an astonishing 416,000 became ill with typhoid fever, hepatitis, and other serious diseases. An estimated 850,000 to 1.5 million Afghan civilians died in the war, and five to ten million fled the country as refugees. This represented as much as one-third of the countrys 1978 population, severely straining Pakistan and other neighboring countries. 25,000 Afghans died from landmines alone during the war, and millions of mines remained behind after the Soviets withdrew. The Aftermath of the Soviet War in Afghanistan Chaos and civil war ensued when the Soviets left Afghanistan, as rival mujahideen commanders fought to enlarge their spheres of influence. Some mujahideen troops behaved so badly, robbing, raping, and murdering civilians at will, that a group of Pakistani-educated religious students banded together to fight against them in the name of Islam. This new faction called itself the Taliban, meaning the Students. For the Soviets, the repercussions were equally dire. Over the previous decades, the Red Army had always been able to quash any nation or ethnic group that rose in opposition - the Hungarians, the Kazakhs, the Czechs - but now they had lost to the Afghans. Minority peoples in the Baltic and Central Asian republics, in particular, took heart; indeed, the Lithuanian democracy movement openly declared independence from the Soviet Union in March of 1989, less than a month after the withdrawal from Afghanistan finished. Anti-Soviet demonstrations spread to Latvia, Georgia, Estonia, and other republics. The long and costly war left the Soviet economy in shambles. It also fueled the rise of a free press and open dissent among not only ethnic minorities but also from Russians who had lost loved ones in the fighting. Although it was not the only factor, certainly the Soviet War in Afghanistan helped to hasten the end of one of the two superpowers. Just over two and a half years after the withdrawal, on December 26, 1991, the Soviet Union was formally dissolved. Sources MacEachin, Douglas. Predicting the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: The Intelligence Communitys Record, CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, Apr. 15, 2007. Prados, John, ed. Volume II: Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War. Analysis of the Soviet War in Afghanistan, Declassified, The National Security Archive, Oct. 9, 2001. Reuveny, Rafael, and Aseem Prakash. The Afghanistan War and the Breakdown of the Soviet Union, Review of International Studies, (1999), 25, 693-708.

Sensory Perceptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Sensory Perceptions - Essay Example icist point of view, sense perceptions are reliable as an individual explores with his senses and obtains with them an image or audio-visual aspect of something experienced for real so that the frequent encounter of it under constant pattern eventually materializes a theory that whatever is sensed connects to logic. Secondly, it is reasonable to believe that sensory evaluation can be treated to bear accuracy for even if cognition is pertained to as a separate process, by itself, it would not achieve a worthy product of thought that comes with definite shape, color, sound, or measurable dimension if not through a man’s perceptual capacity. In a way or another, details transmitted along the senses greatly aid the course of thinking when the image formed is translated to common knowledge which constitutes a basis of truth out of being initially sensed. Sensory information may be judged as inaccurate, nevertheless, on occasions when limitations to perceptive abilities are taken into account as in the event an object of interest is way beyond grasp in terms of distance or size that renders it invisible via the naked eye. At this point, rationalizing over the matter becomes the sole means of learning or seeking the truth regarding an alleged existence of things which the senses otherwise fail to concretize. Since qualitative description cannot be perceived at the optimum in this case, then the inaccuracy of sensory information may be compensated for by an inductive method of reasoning, for instance, which entails a purely cognitive approach. One of the factors bearing impact upon the accuracy of sensory data is in reference to the number of observations that have been covered prior to the approval of results. This normally goes with the potential of comparing and contrasting the sensory data received from which to infer that an efficient comparative act equivalently generates the same degree of accuracy on information yielded through the senses. The state of mental

MT140 Unit 6 Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MT140 Unit 6 Discussion - Research Paper Example This implies that the goals must include the adequate resources required. A goal just as the name suggests has a time constrain a feature that regulates the utilization of the resources in accomplishing each. With SMART goals and objectives, the system requires the creation of appropriate bureaucratic offices to enhance the supervision of the subordinate in order to ensure that they dedicate their time among other resources to attaining the goals (Anthony & Govindarajan 2007). Managers must have basic understanding of the organization. This requires the managers to have every information about the company and its resources at any given time. The case at Sandwich Blitz Inc. is negatively unique since the management does not monitor the operations of the company thus the utilization of the resources. Such loopholes create space for embezzlement of funds among other resources. Some employees earn for hours they have not worked for, such is a portrayal of the laxity in the management a feature that validates the need for the creation of a functional management control

How and When We Use ICT Essay Example for Free

How and When We Use ICT Essay The communication system in the world is essential to modern day life. This may include mobile phones or normal household phones, which instantly allow someone to hear another persons voice from anywhere around the world, after you code in the required phone number. This saves a great deal of hassle, time and money as there no or less need to actually visit the person speaking. Furthermore, a mobile phone, performing the same tasks can be used, which can be taken anywhere and is wireless. Also with the mobile phone, instead of talking to another person, messages could be sent known as text to whomever, saving more money and time. Similarly the modern day internet- with the e-mail system, could be used, to anyone or any company around the world who also posses e-mail addresses. Again, the communication is very fast and better than mobile phone text, the information is free, easier and more of it can be sent across the world. At Howards Health centre, the communications system would be essential, as it is to modern day life. All the stock, financial systems and even customer services will require the use of these systems. These, obviously come into vital use for our company and our staff. Firstly these different methods of communication can and will be used in this company. Whether through the internet, txt message or simply talking over the mobile phone, these will all come into demand. It replaces the need of counting on unreliable snail mail which has many disadvantages, such as the speed, consistency and the time spent in order to gain something from this method. The usage of CD-ROMS has become more than common. These are readily and cheaply available in all modern day stores and retailers, becoming useful for a variety of different reasons. CD-ROMS in the form of Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs), have nearly completely replaced and taken over the famous video, displaying movies, films and other TV related programmes. Furthermore, CD-ROMS are increasing popularity, due to the demand and popularity of different types of software that would be vital for our company to have. The popularity of these CD-ROMS is increasing so rapidly that they now are included in free samples that come to the post. Howards Health centre will use the CD-ROM to make use of the software that our system needs via the CD-ROM. It also would help promote our company through advertising our goods with maybe a free CD-ROM. Also we may use CD-ROMs to store backup files, incase of a breakdown. Furthermore, to offer training to our employees of how to use various programmes on the computer, we will need the aid of a CD-ROM Another use of ICT in stores and companies such as ours is with the everyday usage of bar codes especially helpful for shops and other big stores. These are used to display the unique identities of any product which can be stored into shop computers to keep track of there own products. The benefits of bar codes are immeasurable. The most prominent of reasons include: that there is less risk of fraud and there is Quicker service in shops, for the bar code is used to display the identity and price of a product. Furthermore this method is relatively easy to use and requires little training to learn. Therefore the products sold by Howards Health centre will have the bar code on medicine and other medical facilities. The internet is increasing popularity for online shopping. In this world today, many people who are mainly occupied or too ill to go out to the supermarkets, use the internet to shop. This is an easy, quick and reliable way of shopping as the stock is delivered promptly to your doorstep. Also as this method requires little effort and is increasing in popularity, more and more varieties of goods can be brought over the internet, especially those that might be harder to purchase otherwise. However, there are many drawbacks to this method. For example, this method of shopping can create and increase health problems, as it cuts out the need of walking to the shops or the supermarket. Also it increases the risk of fraud as credit card details and other personal information may easily released into the dangerous world wide web, Electronic Funds Transfer Point of Sale (EFTPOS) technology, allows money to be paid through credit cards at tills that accept them. This involves a credit card having unique identity and direct access to the owners account, to be inserted into one of these tills, where the price of the items is taken from the bank. This greatly decreases the risk of burglary of money and stops any inconveniences caused by the carrying of money in your pocket. However, this method is not perfect as it is prone to credit card fraud and these cards can easily be lost. Furthermore, using this way for paying money makes the user less aware of the quantity of money that they spend, increasing the risk of debt and overdraft. Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS) is similar to the other method. This ensures the electronic transfer of funds at the point of sale. It used at the checkouts to provide the customer receipt and, at the same time, update the items in stock. This process is automatic, requiring little human endeavor and assistance. With the introduction of new technology, our company will start using an easier method of shopping- shop online, replacing the typical and traditional method of using our legs and arms! We also would use computers to send e-mails and for entertainment purposes using CD-ROM gaming. These games have special 3-D effects and other griping effects that keep the user interested. It is also used with interactive television. Before people had access to only four or five channels, which for the telle addict would get intimidating. With interactive television, up to 800 channels, giving a much more interesting range of channels and topics. Howards Health centre by providing them with information, education and entertainment for a variety of subjects that may be useful to this company, the staff the and the whole of Brownsville Sage payroll is a commercial system that can be brought, to automatically calculate the employers wages. It is a very quick, easy and accurate method to calculate the wages of the employees. We may make use of this in Howards Health centre, especially in the near future, once the hospital is up and running. Also this provides businesses with support and advice which obviously will come helpful. Our method, using the computer, is slightly harder to use and needs more human assistance and training. Also this method is more prone to mistakes and is less professional. However, it is cheaper to use, easier to set up and it suits the job as it is a small health centre. Working practices will obviously have to change in Howards Health centre, thanks to the newly introduced computerized system. The old typewriter, handwritten letters, huge filing cabinets and much more will have to go now the computer is introduced. The average Howards Health centre employee will have to get used to using the computer, and will find it very useful. The need for letters and stamps taking days if not weeks to come will be mostly replaced by the e-mail system taking seconds to send large amounts of info across the world. Internet shopping will reduce the need for our staff to actually go out and by the clothing and stock. Data will now, and in the future, is stored within this system that will take up far less room than before. Remember, these various hi tech systems can only be accessed by individuals and companies who have the means of accessing these technologies, like Howards Health centre. These technologies are relatively expensive to own, and thus, are mainly accessible to the industrialized and MEDC countries. These countries posses various forms and resources in order to use these systems effectively. Thus, countries that are in the developing/third world simply do not have the financial resources to implement these systems. With this revolution of our system, we will need to train the staff to use these systems. This will take time and cost money. Also we will have to find qualified teachers, which will again be a hassle. Our staff will be trained in using the computer, software and performing the necessary tasks. The trainees will also need to be aware of the law and various different acts. For instance the data protection act which provides legislations to protect data released onto the computers, especially personal data. Also the employees must be aware of privacy and copyright. It is essential that the workers should be aware of other moral implications of using ICT. Our staff must be aware of undesirable material and the misuse of computers at work. ICT systems can easily crash. In this process, all too easily, many data can be lost, and sometimes not retrieved. This often happens with unsaved data, say when there is a power cut, this data will be lost. This problem can be overcome in a variety of ways. Obviously, the primary way would be to always regularly save the data, where programmes can be loaded onto the system that will automatically save a copy of the data so that it is not lost. Also various retrieval programmes can be used, which when the user switches off with ought to saving the work, or the computer crashes, the system will automatically have a record of there work. In the long term, data backups are used, in the form of CD-ROMS or various other storage mediums, which can act as backup devices. Also, the internet can be used, where work may be uploaded on say a website, incase of a crash. Another disadvantage of using these systems, which will imply in Howards Health centre, is the various health problems they pose. Usage of the computer and to communicate via e-mail can take long to accomplish. Usage of this method of communication, along with text messages can cause eye and neck strain, aswell as a host of other problems. Using the mobile phone, although not posing a significant health risk can cost a lot of money, especially when calling when most needed- peak time. Again training and teaching about these various health problems, and how to avoid them, would help overcome this problem. Despite the expenses and hassle of training and teaching the employers, it undoubtedly would be money well spent. For ultimately the health and safety of our employers comes first.

2001: A Space Odyssey :: 2001

2001: A Space Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Three million B.C. The gunpowder for a smashing evolutionary hit was amassing for a long time, but the necessary spark came from an outside help, which soon set the whole world ablaze. From this heated inferno, came the most proficient species ever to grace the planet. And now man has to be prepared for what comes next. Arthur C. Clarke skillfully proves the point that 'truth is stranger than fiction' in his remarkable book - 2001: A Space Odyssey. He also carefully examines the point that in spite of their intelligence and curious mind, humans lack the capacity to be a complete species on their own. Without the assistance of concerned alien species humans would never had climbed the evolutionary ladder. Devoid of the outside help they wouldn't had escaped their self made prison, explored the enormity of the universe and known their place in it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If earth were a field and evolution a farmer then the leading and the healthiest crop in his field would be the human or homo sapiens. But this human race would never had flourished into an above average species without assistance from outer space friends. The aliens initialized the primary phase of the advancement process about three million years ago. They did this by means of a monolith, planted on earth on a fateful night. The monolith probed the ape-man's (Austrapethicas Erectus) mind, studied their reactions and finally evaluated their potential. By carefully conducted experiments the monolith altered the molecular makeup of the ape-man's brain making them smarter and providing them with the necessary skills needed to survive in the hostile world. The ape-man changed its shape and size evolving into a new and improved species. It was a slow, cumulative process, and at its end was man.   Therefore, without the assistance of helpful extra terres trial friends, ape-man would never had developed the dexterity to compete for life sustaining rations with rival species and would probably had suffered the same fate as the overgrown lizards. But evolutions success story has constructed tools that have become too hard for even him to handle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After centuries of enhancement, humans were transformed into a leading species, but he gradually turned into a plant that wraps around another plant for support and survival needs.

Legalizing the Use of Drugs

Many feel today we are losing the war on drugs. When a battle goes to the point where there is no winner, there needs to be a re-evaluation of how to solve the problem. In the case of the war against drugs, years of fighting have caused increased crime, overcrowding of prisons, and the wasted use of money and resources with no results. It is now time to look at alternative methods to solve the nation's drug problem. Although, legalization will increase use of the drug a majority of use will be by those who already use drugs not by new comers who might only try it once out of curiosity. Proof of this can be found in Holland when in 1970 the government legalized the use of marijuana for adults. The legalization of illicit drugs has proved that just because a drug is made legal it does not mean it will cause a rapid rise and abuse by society (Friedman). However, many supporters of continuing the prohibition of drugs believe that by legalizing drugs they will become more accessible and use will therefore increase. They base this argument on past experiments dealing with alcohol prohibition. After the end of prohibition with the 21st amendment, alcohol consumption doubled, while prohibition decreased use by 50 percent (Light). Another example can be found in Liverpool, England. After a recent legalization of drugs in a regulatory program that focuses on the medical benefits of drugs, most drug pushers there left town because there was no longer a market for them. This shows that legalization actually decreases use because of the increased emphasis on rehabilitation and the decrease of drug pushers. Such a dramatic decrease in drug dealers has not only resulted in crime reduction in England but there has also been a decrease of drug use. It is true, legalization will not eliminate the major cause of violent crime; however, most arguments, that say that drug legalization will not decrease crime, deal with the idea that most violent crimes occur as a result of alcohol use. If this is true, legalization will not effect crime that is alcohol related but it will decrease violent crime that is linked to drug dealing and use. The drugs themselves may not cause violent crime, but people involved in the distributing of illicit drugs commit the deadliest crime. By legalizing drugs the dealer would be eliminated and therefore crime would be reduced. Granted, the overall cost of drug use would not decrease; however, supporters of the continued war on drug and the further prohibition of these drugs say that legalization would cost more both socially and economically. They say that legalization would result in increased use and eventually will mean an increase in deaths with. Another result they say will be the decay of family values as a result of increased drug using mothers and children. Actually, the legalization of drugs will put money, which is used for law enforcement into the construction of better rehabilitation and education programs. Education is an essential element in this proposal because through education the problem will find a better than merely covering it up behind jail bars. Economically, for every dollar spent on drug treatment there is a $7 return due to decreased criminal activity. Through the regulation and supervision of the distribution of marijuana, there would be no increases in the number of drug-addicted newborns, nor will it induce the deterioration of society. Thus the overall cost of drug use would decrease and would bring new revenue for our nation. After looking at and knowing the pro and cons of marijuana legalization, I have decided that it is a valid and necessary solution to our country†s drug problem. By implementing such a program the American population can use its money and resources to combat the problem through rehabilitation and education instead of stalling the problem through the legal system. Legalization will decrease violent crime associated with drug dealers; it will decrease the number of users and will lower the wasteful cost, which is connected with the current system. Such legalization will not destroy our youth in any way, because the drugs will only be accessible to adults in the country. If we continue with our current system we will never solve the problem. Drug dealers and addicts will continue to crowd our prisons and plague our streets with violent crime with no hope for help and a better future.

Civil Disobedience And Deliberative Democracy - 1550 Words

1 Introduction Civil disobedience encompasses the refusal to obey governmental laws or orders. This concept that is well known in the context of South African history. There are many examples present throughout history, especially in the new constitutional era, such as fees must fall. In this essay I will consider this concept of civil disobedience, especially in a South African context as well as considering a quote by Jurgen Habermas in an article by William Smith titled Civil Disobedience and Deliberative Democracy. Io will also look at philosophical theories such as liberalism and feminism in relation to the above move mentioned extract. 2 What is civil disobedience? According to John Rawls widely accepted definition of civil†¦show more content†¦Such acts of civil disobedience have become increasingly used by students at university campuses. Fess must fall was a student led protest that caught on in October 2015 which was in protest of the increase of fees of South African universities. The protests started at the University of Witwatersrand and quickly spread to other universities. This resulted in millions in property damage nationwide. Police were also sent in to deal with protesting students who didn’t hesitate to use force meaning many ending up injured. this was done with a group acting on behalf of the community to stand up for what they believed they were entitled to. Rhodes must fall was a protest that started at the University of Cape Town campus and was originally about the removal of the statue of Cecil Rhodes, which was said to be a reminder of the oppression suffered during the apartheid era. However, as the protest gained exposure it resulted in a wider call by students for the decolonisation of education nationwide. Students made use of occupation, civil disobedience and violence during the protests. The â€Å"free the nipple† campaign is a global movement aimed at bringing equality, freedom and empowerment to all, especially in areas of inequality of men and women. This argues that women should be able to bare their nipples in public. A Durban woman was recently sparked controversy for wearing anShow MoreRelatedHistory. From Slavery Until Now, Ghana Is Considered One1875 Words   |  8 Pagestrying to come up with political formulas that satisfy the needs of political democracy and economic development† (Martin O’Meara, p. 157). However, some of these Africa political or developmental problems are due to high debt, bad governing, and bad policy choices. As the first president of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah was the head of the Ghanaian independence movement and an activist of nonaggression and civil disobedience. Kwame, who was fortunate to go to school in the United States, came home after